文：吳比娜
曾經遇到一個跑馬拉松的人，他看城市的角度就是不一樣，想想看，有哪一個活動可以讓人延續不斷在城市中跑四十二公里、與環境親密接觸？
他一定最知道哪些地方最有廢氣、哪些地方最蔭涼、到了哪裡人車會稀少，跟著馬拉松選手去看城市，收集他們的意見到城市規畫，應該是件很有趣的事。
世界知名的城市馬拉松賽有倫敦、柏林、紐約、東京馬拉松等。跑馬拉松是認識城市最好的方式。倫敦的馬拉松從市區的東南端出發，沿著泰晤士河一路曲折、轉彎，倫敦塔橋、白金漢宮、西敏寺……，跑者行經最有名的歷史景點，可以在跑步中一窺城市風貌。
柏林的馬拉松路線穿越東西柏林，從東德的極簡、樸素的公共建築，跨越到西德摩登、現代的商業區，據跑者表示，幾乎是上了一堂現代史課。
城市馬拉松的路線設計是一種與環境對話的藝術，以舊金山馬拉松為例，跑者的感受隨著一路的景致而變化，從涼爽多霧的清晨出發，經過水岸，在早晨欣賞壯觀的金門大橋海景，來到金門公園，沿著曲折起伏的街道穿過無數的社區小公園，經過有許多拉丁美洲裔住民的教會區、以嬉皮文化著稱的海特街等特色鄰里，最後才回到渡輪大樓。
然而路線本身並不是全部，是兩旁夾道歡迎群眾，讓跑步成為整個城市歡慶的盛事，人們尖叫、唱歌、擊掌、寫標語……，像是迎接古希臘羅馬時代的英雄般的為跑者加油打氣，這才是讓跑者感動而忘記疲勞的馬拉松。
台北的馬拉松路線是由市政府出發，從仁愛路跑到中正紀念堂、總統府，經由中山北路到大佳河濱公園，接到基隆河，最後才折返回市政府廣場。據參加過朋友說，早期比賽開辦時，在交通繁忙的台北要協調道路出來給跑者跑步還是有一定的困難度，當警察拉起管制線時，常常會有汽機車族氣急敗壞地說：「我現在要去接小孩」、「我趕著要上班遲到了」，似乎不能接受，為什麼要把道路空間讓給在路上跑步的人。
跑是種衝動，人們天生熱愛跑步的感覺，小的時候，在遊戲中我們盡力衝刺，大人要大吼大叫才能讓我們慢下來。
跑步也深植於人類的集體想像中，人類是唯一為了好玩和娛樂，會群聚跑四十二公里的動物……熱愛跑步的感覺，是人類最先學會的能力，跑者以身體作為媒介，讓直覺與本能自由發揮。在《天生就會跑》這本跑步名著裡，書裡甚至推演出一個很極端的假設：人類演化的動力是跑步，儘管人類不是跑得最快的，在追逐獵物時，卻是最有耐力的。傳統喀拉哈里沙漠的布須曼人的長程狩獵、看似單調的長跑過程，其實在腦海中必須推斷獵物行蹤，融入感覺、抽象思考，與預測未來，這跟我們在科學、醫藥、還有創作藝術上心智活動是一樣的。
可以想見，隨著文明演化，當人類不再擁有跑步的環境而居住在條條框框的城市裡，被斑馬線、紅路燈規範前進的方向與速度，受到多麽大的壓抑！
熱愛跑步的風潮打開了人們對於空間的視野，跑友沿著大佳、景美、基隆河濱公園練跑，路線漸漸延伸，各種街頭路跑團體深入城市巷弄，在網路上討論各地區適合練跑的私房路線〈最好是有遮蔭、有風、鋪面舒適、坡度適中〉。走出城市，還有越野路跑，隨便在台北哪個郊山都有跑者滿山遍野的穿梭奔跑。透過跑步，人們與環境的關係漸漸被串連起來。
不只是長跑，長程行走的風氣也興盛。人們紛紛上路，徒步環島的人數之多，簡直已成為一種教派，民間也有「千里步道」團體，提倡手作營造一條延續不斷的路網，蜿蜒於田野與山海之間，讓人們可以透過步行臨山近海，走入平原，也隨時可以留宿在小村小鎮上，探索環境。
這樣的步行，幾乎具有一種神聖性，這也就是為什麼，梭羅說漫步者跟朝聖者(Sainte-Terrer )具有同樣的字源，中古世紀人們往往假託朝聖之名在鄉野流浪，相較於老蹺着二郎腿坐著足不出戶的城裡人，梭羅認為「漫步時，我們會自然而然地走進田野和森林裡，這是尋找生命之泉的行動」。
是的，在今日，被斑馬線、紅路燈、捷運站分割的城市中，似乎我們要找到一種線性空間，在裡面，我們能重新感受到身體在空間中移動自由。
封面照片：眼底城事編輯室
作者：吳比娜
出版社：詹氏書局
出版日期：2021/8
著有《在留白城市散步》《尋訪台江古早味》，合譯有《明日的農場》等書，喜歡大街小巷趴趴走，嚮往營造更理想的生活環境。從在城市散步，希望趕快到城郊農場去耕種～
背景是台大城鄉所、哈佛公共政策與都市規劃碩士。
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